Suppose the Treasury issues $100 billion worth of 3-month T-bills yielding approximately zero (as 3-month T-bills do today and likely will continue to do until some time in the unforeseeable future when the Fed raises its target rate). Does it make any material difference to anyone whether those T-bills are bought up by the Fed (i.e. monetized) or remain with the public?
First of all, does it make any difference to the public? To put that a little differently, does anyone care whether they personally are holding T-bills or cash? More precisely, not really anyone. After the Treasury sells $100 billion worth of T-bills (assuming that the Fed doesn’t buy them), there will still be millions of people who didn’t choose to buy those bills. Those people don’t matter: they obviously don’t care if the Treasury sells the bills to the public, because they won’t buy them either way. They might care about the possible economic and financial effects of monetization, but, as I will argue, there aren’t any effects to care about.
So let’s look at those people (let’s call them people, even though IRL they’re mostly institutions) who are currently holding money and who will buy up the $100 billion worth of T-bills if the Fed doesn’t do so. Does the Fed’s action or lack of action make any difference to those people? Obviously it must make at least a tiny bit of difference, or they wouldn’t have bothered to buy the T-bills.
But it makes only a tiny bit of difference. Money yields zero; T-bills yield zero. Money is slightly more liquid than T-bills. But only ever-so-slightly: the market for T-bills is extremely efficient, and the price variation is minimal (especially given the Fed’s policy of only changing its target in quarter-point increments). There is only the tiniest risk of being unable to sell a 3-month T-bill almost immediately at any time at a price close to the price you paid for it. Aside from liquidity, T-bills are slightly safer then money. But only ever-so-slightly: if you’re an individual, you can distribute your money across banks and have it 100% FDIC insured; if you’re a bank, you can hold deposits at the Fed, which are possibly even safer than T-bills. It makes no material difference in which form you hold your assets.
But if the monetization doesn’t make any difference to the public, does it make a difference to the Fed or the Treasury? Let’s take the Fed first. The Fed can create and destroy money at will. The Fed will be able choose, with no constraint or cost either way, whether to roll over the T-bills when they mature. Moreover, like the public, the Fed can sell the T-bills, very quickly and with little price risk, before they mature, if it should decide to do so. So the only way it would make a difference to the Fed is if the purchase of T-bills has some economic effect that the Fed cares about. But, again, as I will argue – as I am arguing – there are no economic effects.
What about the Treasury, the government? Surely the government cares whether it really owes money to someone out there in the world vs. merely nominally owing it to the Fed. Actually, no. As noted above, the Fed can create and destroy money at will. If the Fed does buy the T-bills initially, it will still be able to choose whether or not to roll over the T-bills when they mature, and it will be able to choose whether to sell the T-bills before they mature (in which case the Treasury would subsequently owe money to the public again). Unless (as I again deny) the monetization has some economic effect, the Fed will continue to be indifferent, as long as the conditions of my initial assumption hold (i.e. until the T-bill yield rises above zero, which would have to be the result of a choice by the Fed to raise its interest rate target). And since the yield is zero, the Treasury pays no interest on the T-bills either way.
Suppose we do get to the point where the Fed raises its target rate. First take the case where the Fed had not monetized the debt initially. Suppose, for example, that, to get the target rate up, the Fed has to sell $200 billion worth of T-bills. Fine. Now take the case where the Fed had monetized the debt. In that case, the Fed will now have to sell $300 billion worth of T-bills. After the transaction takes place, the Fed’s balance sheet, and everyone else’s balance sheet, will look exactly the same in one case as it did in the other. The only difference is in what those balance sheets looked like before the Fed decided to raise the interest rate. And that difference, as I have argued, is inconsequential to all the parties involved.
Except of course if it has some economic effect. But the only way it could have an economic effect is if it changes someone’s behavior. And, since it has no material consequence for anyone, it won’t change anyone’s behavior.
Well, OK, it might. The only way it might change someone’s behavior is if they expect it to have an economic effect. Then the existence of such an effect would become a self-fulfilling prophecy. That’s what economists call a “sunspot” (by the analogy that literal sunspots will have economic effects if and only if people expect such effects). I would suggest that, even in that case, the effect is likely to be quite small. If there is no fundamental reason to expect an economic effect, there should be plenty of people speculating against those who do expect an effect. Moreover, if there is no fundamental reason to expect an effect, while one can still imagine that someone might expect some effect, it’s hard to see how anyone could expect a large effect, unless their reasoning process is seriously screwed up (in which case they aren’t likely to have much wealth left to allocate). With some people expecting not-too-large effects and other people speculating against them, it’s hard to see how the net impact on markets could be significantly large.
Now you might say, so much for your example of short-term T-bills, but the subject of this essay was whether or not to monetize, and the Fed has been talking about the possibility of monetizing long-term Treasury debt as well. Won’t that have an effect?
But again the answer is no – as long as the Treasury is flexible enough to choose its preferred financing option in either case. How much of Treasury borrowing will be long-term and how much will be short-term? That is entirely the Treasury’s decision. Suppose the Fed decides to monetize long-term debt instead of short-term debt. If the Treasury’s preferences are unchanged, it will simply issue more long-term debt and less short-term debt, and there will be no difference in the quantity of each type of debt held by the public. The only difference will be what is held by the Fed. But that is no difference at all, since the Fed’s profits go directly into the Treasury. It is as if the Treasury owed the money to itself. Why should the Treasury care whether the money it owes to itself is booked as a long-term debt or a short-term debt? Moreover, since the Fed can buy and sell any amount at will at any time in the future, the Fed, counting on the Treasury’s indifference, should also be indifferent.
But, since the price of long-term debt is quite variable, what if, for example, the Fed’s future policy requires it to liquidate the debt at a loss? Won’t that have an effect? Again no, because, when the Fed liquidates the debt at a loss, the Treasury can buy back the debt and retire it at a profit. What if the Fed ends up liquidating at a profit? Yet again, no effect. If the Fed can liquidate at a profit, that means the Treasury’s borrowing costs have gone up, so, in present value terms, the Treasury has a loss to offset the Fed’s profit.
So there you have it: under present circumstances, except for possible technical and psychological effects (and the tiny effect they may have on those who are on the margin between holding T-bills and cash), the Fed’s decisions about monetizing government debt are entirely inconsequential. No doubt there will come a time in the future when such decisions will once again be consequential (as they have been during most of the past), but for all we know, that time may be a long way off.
So my advice is, ignore all the information you get about the Fed’s actions (and contemplated actions for the immediate future) with respect to the monetization of government debt. That does mean that you should ignore (or at least reinterpret) most of what I said in my earlier post on the subject. (I plan to expand on it in a future post, because I still think it has some potential substance.) Pay attention, perhaps, to what the Fed does (and it has been doing quite a lot) with private sector debt, since there we are no longer dealing with mere book-entries between the Treasury and the Fed, and real gains and losses are possible, with real effects on both public finance and private sector wealth.
But bear one thing in mind when you do pay attention to the Fed’s monetization of private sector debt – and the Treasury’s bailouts or speculative actions with respect to private sector entities. Consider the implications of the argument I have made here. The Fed’s decisions about monetizing Treasury debt make no difference. Therefore, when the Treasury does a so-called bailout, it would make no difference whether that bailout were financed by the public or by the Fed. Therefore it might as well be financed by the Fed. Therefore Treasury bailouts are no different than the Fed’s monetization of private sector assets directly. I plan, in a future post, to argue that those bailouts/monetizations are not as dangerous as some economists think (and certainly not as costly in “expected value” terms as much of “Main Street” seems to think). But bear in mind the equivalence. If you must worry about something, don’t worry about the $400 billion or so that the Treasury has used; worry about the trillions that the Fed is using.
DISCLOSURE: Through my investment and management role in a Treasury directional pooled investment vehicle and through my role as Chief Economist at Atlantic Asset Management, which generally manages fixed income portfolios for its clients, I have direct or indirect interests in various fixed income instruments, which may be impacted by the issues discussed herein. The views expressed herein are entirely my own opinions and may not represent the views of Atlantic Asset Management.
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I'm lost. DOes this mean that the Fed can effectively buy up our debt instead without any negative economic consequences?
In the short run, the Fed can buy up quite a bit of federal debt without any consequences. It could buy up essentially all the short-term debt (replacing one zero-yield asset with another), or it could buy up part of the short-term debt and part of the long-term debt, as long as the total is no more than the total amount of short-term debt (since the Treasury, if it’s sufficiently flexible and its preferences are unchanged, would issue new long-term debt to replace what the Fed bought).
If the Fed were to buy up literally all the national debt, that would have consequences (not necessarily bad ones), because it would flatten the yield curve, effectively reducing the yield on long-term debt to zero by replacing it with cash. But the Treasury can also do that on its own by retiring its long-term debt and replacing it with short-term debt. If the Treasury were to do so, then there would be only short-term debt, and the Fed could buy it all without any additional consequence.
You have to realize, though, that the reason there are no consequences is that the Fed has the constant option to undo its actions. Any T-bills that it buys now, it can sell as soon as it decides that such a sale is necessary. So while the Fed can buy a large fraction of the national debt without any consequence, it can’t necessarily hold that debt indefinitely. As long as the interest rate is going to be zero anyhow, it doesn’t matter how many T-bills the Fed holds, but when the Fed decides it needs to raise the interest rate, it may have to sell some of them.
Good analysis. But there's another way to look at it (which doesn't necessarily contradict what you say). Instead of asking "Ought the Fed monetise the deficit?", let's ask "Will the Fed in fact monetise the deficit?". In other words, if the Fed sets the nominal rate of interest in the short run, and sets the rate of inflation in the long run, will any deficit in fact be monetised in the long run?
Here is my answer to that question: http://worthwhile.typepad.com/worthwhile_canadian_initi/2008/11/will-deficit-spending-in-fact-be-moneyfinanced.html
But you write int the original post that even a reversal of T-bill purchases later on will have no consequences to the economy:
"After the transaction takes place, the Fed’s balance sheet, and everyone else’s balance sheet, will look exactly the same in one case as it did in the other. The only difference is in what those balance sheets looked like before the Fed decided to raise the interest rate. And that difference, as I have argued, is inconsequential to all the parties involved."
So, taking the logic to its conclusion, when faced with a recession ALL central bankers should:
-take the overnight rate to zero
-monetize government spending
-beyond financing government deficits, buy up all the existing national debt if necessary
As you say, there will be no economic effect either of the monetization or the reversal of the monetization.
In theory, as you lay it out above, this could work for Brazil, Switzerland, or any other country just as well. Or not? Why not?
Something seems wrong to me here. When the Fed buys the T-bills, it uses newly created money. When someone else buys the bills, existing money is used. The total final amount of money is different in these two cases. Please, correct me if I am wrong, I really want to understand it.
The reason that the total amount of money doesn't matter here is that nobody spends the money. The money goes into "circulation" in the sense that, whoever had the T-bills before now has the newly created money (or if you want to think of it as the Fed buying directly from the Treasury, then whoever the Treasury pays or buys from now has newly created money, which otherwise would have had to be withdrawn from elsewhere in the economy via borrowing). But I put "circulation" in quotes for a reason: the money doesn't literally circulate; it just gets held as an asset by some person or institution. We can surmise that they are not going to spend it, based on the fact that they were already holding T-bills with zero yield. They could easily have converted those to cash and spent the cash, but they chose not to. Since cash is more or less the same as T-bills now (both yielding zero, both safe, both highly liquid), if they were holding the T-bills without spending, we can surmise that they will hold the cash without spending.
Let's put it another way.
If we are in a liquidity trap, at zero interest rates, current monetary policy doesn't matter. But future monetary policy (when interest rates are above zero) does matter, for two reasons:
1. Because it will affect the future interest burden of the debt
2. Because it affects current expectations of future inflation, and this affects real interest rates now, even if nominal rates are zero.
When people talk about money-financing deficits, they ought to be talking about future, not current money supplies.
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If the Treasury were to do so, then there would be only short-term debt, and the Fed could buy it all without any additional consequence. http://www.braungresham.com/2013/05/thomas-hall-to-speak-on-estate-planning-at-old-blanco-county-courthouse-61313/
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The Fed’s decisions about monetizing Treasury debt make no difference.
Obviously it must make at least a tiny bit of difference, or they wouldn’t have bothered to buy the T-bills. coffee tables
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But the only way it could have an economic effect is if it changes someone’s behavior.
It makes no material difference in which form you hold your assets.
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It is as if the Treasury owed the money to itself
If the Treasury were to do so, then there would be only short-term debt, and the Fed could buy it all without any additional consequence.
They might care about the possible economic and financial effects of monetization, but, as I will argue, there aren’t any effects to care about.
The Fed can create and destroy money at will. The Fed will be able choose, with no constraint or cost either way
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The Fed will be able choose, with no constraint or cost either way, whether to roll over the T-bills when they mature best tablet
Suppose the Fed decides to monetize long-term debt instead of short-term debt.
If the Treasury were to do so, then there would be only short-term debt, and the Fed could buy it all without any additional consequence.
Obviously it must make at least a tiny bit of difference, or they wouldn’t have bothered to buy the T-bills.
They might care about the possible economic and financial effects of monetization, but, as I will argue, there aren’t any effects to care about.
They obviously don’t care if the Treasury sells the bills to the public, because they won’t buy them either way.
If the Treasury were to do so, then there would be only short-term debt, and the Fed could buy it all without any additional consequence.
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The views expressed herein are entirely my own opinions and may not represent the views of Atlantic Asset Management.
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And since the yield is zero, the Treasury pays no interest on the T-bills either way.
Excellent Post Andy. I hadn't considered this idea before, but it makes a good case for stimulus and pump-priming activities
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The total final amount of money is different in these two cases. Please, correct me if I am wrong, I really want to understand it.
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The total final amount of money is different in these two cases. Please, correct me if I am wrong, I really want to understand it.
The Fed can create and destroy money at will. The Fed will be able choose, with no constraint or cost either way
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The only way it might change someone’s behavior is if they expect it to have an economic effect.
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First take the case where the Fed had not monetized the debt initially.
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If the Treasury were to do so, then there would be only short-term debt, and the Fed could buy it all without any additional consequence.
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They might care about the possible economic and financial effects of monetization, but, as I will argue, there aren’t any effects to care about.
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The only difference is in what those balance sheets looked like before the Fed decided to raise the interest rate.
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If the Treasury were to do so, then there would be only short-term debt, and the Fed could buy it all without any additional consequence.
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